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Friday, January 24, 2014
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- How simulated attacks improve security awareness training
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- What is LDAP server? Directory service (LDAP server) is a software system that stores, organizes and provides access to information in a directory; a shared information infrastructure for locating, managing, administering, and organizing common items and network resources, which can include volumes, folders, files, printers, users, groups, devices, telephone numbers and other objects. To access directories servers and clients interact in the model of client/server communication. The process of directory access happens in the following way: a directory client calls API (application programming interface) to access a directory for reading or writing the information. The client call accesses the information in the directory on behalf of the requesting client via TCP/IP (the default LDAP TCP/IP ports ? 636 for secure communications, 389 for unencrypted communications). The results of the action are returned to the client then. Servers provide a specific service to LDAP clients. Sometimes directory servers may become the clients of other servers to collect the necessary information for request processing. LDAP server performs the following basic operations: Search entries; Compare entries; Add entries; Delete entries; Modify entries; Move entries; Rename entries; Extended operation; Authentication. According to X.500 standard, servers can be connected into a hierarchical structure. That is why users can proceed from one server to another while searching the necessary information. Web interface is widely used for server administration including remote administration. Directory services can be used for: Locating and providing information about people (address books, yellow pages, white pages) and distributed resources like printers; User authentication and authorization for Web servers or other LDAP-enabled applications; Policies that are shared by multiple applications or application instances. Directory server main components are: A front-end (handles LDAP client operations coming into the server over TCP/IP connection); A database back-end (handles stores and retrieves directory objects from relational database). Some researchers and professionals highlight the best LDAP servers from the number of open source and commercial ones: Open source LDAP servers include: Red Hat Directory Server/Fedora Directory Server. Red Hat Directory Server was initially bought from Netscape Security Solutions as a commercial product for Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Nowadays it is produced by Red Hat with name Red Hat Directory Server. Following its policy Red Hat produced version for Fedora Core also. It is called Fedora Directory Server that is perfect for distributives on the basis of RedHat. Codes of these servers coincide greatly because of the common root. Unlike OpenLDAP Fedora/Red Hat directory servers have good documentation. OpenLDAP. OpenLDAP is the further development of the original slapd. It is widely distributed and used on many platforms like Linux, FreeBSD, Windows and MacOS X. Documentation containing on the website is quite obsolete, but there are many useful step-by-step instructions. OpenLDAP is time-tested. Its functionality is practically identical to RedHat directory server. Commercial LDAP Servers are: Novell eDirectory. All products are free for higher educational establishments. It works with the help of the following operational systems: Novell Netware, Windows (NT), Linux (SUSE Enterprise, or RedHat), Solaris, AIX, HP-UX. You have everything in one product ? all the necessary programs are given at once. Installation and customization are easy. Advantages - exclusive documentation and affordable price, technical support for registered users and cross-platform function. Disadvantage ? closed source files. Microsoft Active Directory. It is a part of Windows Server family. It?s a perfect solution for MS networks. Advantages ? perfect integration into the system, highly qualified documentation. Sun Java System Directory Server. Sun merged with IPlanet Company and created its new product ? Sun ONE, renamed afterwards to Sun Java System Directory Server. It is not a standalone product, but just a part of Java Enterprise System. System requirements: Solaris 10, Solaris 9, Solaris 8 (only for SPARC), Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 and 3.1, HP-UX 11i, Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, 2003. You can not buy it apart from Java Enterprise System. But if you decide to use complex solution from Sun, you won?t have any problems. Sun engineers will help you to install and configure it according to your requirements. IBM Tivoli Directory Server. LDAP-solution from IBM. It is supported by the following operational systems: AIX, Solaris, Microsoft Windows 2000, HP-UX, and also Linux for Intel and IBM eServer iSeries, pSeries and zSeries. Advantage ? qualified, open and free for all documentation. LDAP servers cannot access directories without LDAP clients. Some of them are presented below: Microsoft Windows: Softerra LDAP Administrator/LDAP Browser; LDAPSoft LDAP Browser/LDAP Admin Tool; LDAPAdmin; MaXware Directory Explorer; Active Directory Explorer Linux/UNIX Evolution; KAddressBook; LDAPSoft LDAP Browser/Administrator. Mac OS X Address Book; Directory Access; Workgroup Manager. Cross-platform: Apache Directory Studio; Ekiga (formerly GnomeMeeting); Mozilla Thunderbird; Novell Evolution; phpLDAPadmin. Storing data in a directory and sharing it amongst applications saves you time and money by keeping administration effort and system resources down.
- Supporting Users and Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows XP Operating System After you study your text books it is important to test your newly acquired knowledge and see just how well you have absorbed the material. Practice exams.... * Reinforces what you learnt - fill in the gaps of what you missed * Gets you used to answering questions to build confidence and familiarity Here are 10 Multiple choice exams questions for you to practice on: ______________________________ Question 1# - A user changes the mouse scheme on his system. After changing it, he finds that his mouse no longer works and he asks you for help. How can he restore his system? A. Use system restore to revert to a time prior to the changes made to the mouse B. Implement the Automated system restore C. Roll back the driver D. Unplug the mouse and plug it back in. Then enter the device manager and set the default scheme _____________________ Question 2# - You are the Desktop Support Technician for a remote office in your company. The IT department at the main office sends you a new security template to apply to the users and computers in your office. You want to identify what the changes are so you gauge the impact, if any, on the users. What can you use? A. In the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in, use the Analyze function B. In the Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in, use the Compare function C. Use the Local Security Policy to compare the settings D. In the Local Security Policy administrative tool, use the Analyze function _____________________ Question 3# - A user is running Windows XP Home Edition on her home computer. She has read about Automated System Recovery (ASR) and wants to implement this feature on her home computer. What do you tell her? A. Automated System Recovery is not available on Windows XP Home Edition B. ASR can be turned on in Windows XP Home Edition by modifying the Control Panel System applet C. Automated System Recovery is automatically running. system restore points are automatically created daily and at key points such as when a key application or driver is installed D. In order to make ASR restore available, she needs to create an ASR backup. _____________________ Question 4# - As the Desktop Support Technician for your company, you complete the upgrade of several computers to Windows XP Professional. One computer was previously running Windows Millennium Edition and the user complains that a vital program is no longer functioning. They need their installation reverted back to ME so that they can run this program. What do you do? A. Use Control Panel, Add/Remove Programs to revert to Windows ME B. Reinstall Windows ME on the system and reinstall the vital application C. Use Automated System Recovery to revert to Windows ME D. Use Roll Back to revert to the Windows ME installation _____________________ Question 5# - You work 4 days a week at the office and on Friday's you work from home. You decide to configure Remote Desktop on your work computer so that if needed, you can access it from home on Fridays. You successfully create VPN with your company network are able to access other resources, however you are unsuccessful in creating a Remote Desktop Connection. Why? A. You need to enable ICS on your home computer B. You need to disable ICF on your home computer C. You need to ask the network administrator to open port 80 in the firewall D. You need to ask the network administrator to open port 3389 in the firewall _____________________ Question 6# - What is the difference between Remote Assistance and Remote Desktop? A. Remote Assistance allows you to connect to your work computer from home, and have access to all of your applications, files, and network resources, as though you were sitting in front of your computer at work. Remote Desktop allows a helper to see your computer screen and communicate to your through a chat box. B. Remote Desktop allows you to have access to a Windows session that is running on your computer, when you are at another computer. Remote Assistance allows a helper, for example, a friend, to use an Internet connection to access your computer to provide assistance C. Remote Assistance allows you to have access to a Windows session that is running on your computer, when you are at another computer. Remote Desktop allows a helper, for example, a friend, to use an Internet connection to access your computer to provide assistance. D. Remote Desktop uses TCP port 3389, but Remote Assistance uses TCP port 443 _____________________ Question 7# - A user purchases a new sound card for his system. After installing it and using the enclosed CD to install the drivers on his Windows XP Professional system, he is prompted to reboot. Prior to reaching the logon screen, his system displays a Stop Error. What should he attempt first? A. Last Known Good B. In-place upgrade (repair C. Restore Point D. Automated system restore. _____________________ Question 8# - You are a desktop support technician for your company. Users have Windows XP Professional installed on their systems. A user calls asking for assistance with configuring a computer application. You realize that you can assist her with the problem using Remote Assistance. How can a Remote Assistance session be started? (Choose all that apply) A. The user sends a Remote Assistance request via ICS B. The user sends a Remote Assistance request via email C. The user sends a Remote Assistance request via Windows Messenger. D. You, as the expert, create the connection _____________________ Question 9# - A user uses his Windows XP Professional mobile computer to work at the office and while on the road. While in the office he connects to the network using the NIC card installed in his system. While on the road, he swaps out the NIC card with a modem. When he does this, he needs to reconfigure the hardware and it always takes him a long time. What can he do to make this an easier process? A. Create a separate hardware profile named Road. In the road profile disable the drivers for the NIC and enable the drivers for the modem B. Create a separate hardware profile named Road. In the road profile delete the drivers for the NIC and enable the drivers for the modem C. Create a separate user profile and use this while on the road D. Create a roaming profile and select this when booting up _____________________ Question 10# - A user wants to increase the speed of data access on his Windows XP Professional system. He's purchased three additional physical disks and has installed them into his computer. What configuration will give him the best read performance with the most amount of usable space? A. Striped volume B. Spanned volume C. Extended volume D. RAID-5 volume _____________________ ANSWERS MCDST Certification Question 1# - Correct Answers: A MCDST Certification Question 2# - Correct Answers: A MCDST Certification Question 3# - Correct Answers: A MCDST Certification Question 4# - Correct Answers: A MCDST Certification Question 5# - Correct Answers: D MCDST Certification Question 6# - Correct Answers: B MCDST Certification Question 7# - Correct Answers: A MCDST Certification Question 8# - Correct Answers: B,C MCDST Certification Question 9# - Correct Answers: A MCDST Certification Question 10# - Correct Answers: A ___________________________________________
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- Choosing RAM (Random Access Memory) has become much simpler these days. Intel has adopted AMD's standard DDR memory for PC motherboards. DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM technology was originally developed by graphics engineers as video card memory. DDR is more efficient and affordable than the RDRAM (RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory) that Intel was using. Recently, engineers have pushed the DDR technology to DDR3 increasing motherboard bus speed even more. A very important thing to remember when purchasing and installing RAM: If you use more than 1 module, make sure they are compatible. It is a good idea to buy modules from the same manufacturer insuring you get the same module type and bus speed. Quite often memory modules made by different manufacturers do not work and play well together. Finding the correct RAM modules for your PC: If you know the manufacturer name and the model of your PC motherboard, finding the proper RAM is a simple matter. Visit any online RAM distributor and search for your motherboard model. Or check your motherboard manual for the type of RAM to use. Also, visiting the motherboard manufacturer's website will give you a list of RAM modules that have been tested to work with your motherboard. Don't know what motherboard your PC has? No problem. Search the online RAM distributors for your PC's model number that is usually found on the back of the case. If you are the curious type, visit your PC manufacturer's website support files and you can find detailed specifications for your PC. How Much Is Enough? To set the record straight, there is no such thing as “too much” RAM. Buying too little RAM is the mistake most often made by PC buyers trying to save a few bucks. The amount of RAM installed has a direct affect on the speed, performance and stability of your computer. In some cases, increasing the amount of RAM in your PC will reduce the chances of a Windows crash. Some applications will cause Windows to suddenly shut down for seemingly no reason when they run out of RAM. Personal Recommendations: These recommendations are from personal experience as a PC technician. They are not recommendations of Microsoft or any PC manufacturer. For Windows 2000, XP, 512MB is the minimum and 1GB or more is recommended. For Windows 98 any flavor, 256MB is the minimum and 1GB is recommended. If you are an avid PC gamer or video editor, 1GB is the minimum recommendation. Other operating systems such as Linux or Mac are similar. Simply put: more is better. Skimping on RAM is one way builders hold down prices. The average pre-built PC comes with 128MB or 265MB of RAM installed. If you want to do anything more than surf the net and send email, that is not enough. If you buy more RAM than you "think" you need, you will be a much happier computer user a year later. By rule of thumb, if you buy a pre-built computer, double the amount of RAM offered by the builder. The cheapest way to buy a new PC: Upgrade your old PC. Install a minimum of 1GB of RAM and add a high performance video card with as much additional video RAM as you can afford. The increased performance and system stability of the additional RAM will amaze you. If you are buying new and want to save a few bucks, buy a less expensive monitor and don't buy a floppy drive, you won't need it. Also get a CD-DVD+RW combo drive instead of 2 separate CD-ROM drives and ransom the family pet. But don't skimp on RAM.
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